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Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, popularly known as Lijjat, is an Indian women's cooperative involved in manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods. The organisation's main objective is empowerment of women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in the year 1959 with a seed capital of Rs. 80, Lijjat has an annual turnover of around Rs. 6.50 billion (over 100 million USD) in 2010, with Rs. 290 million in exports.〔(Lijjat Papad sales crosses Rs 650 cr mark ). Sakaal Times, 13 September 2010.〕 It provides employment to around 43,000 (in 2015) people. Lijjat is headquartered in Mumbai and has 81 branches and 27 divisions all over India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Organization: About Us )〕 Lijjat is primarily a cottage industry, urban by its origin, which has spread to the rural areas. It is considered as one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that is identified with female empowerment in India.〔Seema Sharma and Kanta Sharma. Encyclopaedia of Indian Women. Vol. VII: Women Employment. New Delhi, Anmol, 2005, 11 vols., cxliii, 4476 p., ISBN 81-261-2292-7〕 ==History== Lijjat was the brain child of seven Gujarati women from Bombay (now Mumbai). The women lived in Lohana Niwas, a group of five buildings in Girgaum. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking. The seven women were Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat, Parvatiben Ramdas Thodani, Ujamben Narandas Kundalia, Banuben. N. Tanna, Laguben Amritlar Gokani, Jayaben V. Vithalani, and one more lady whose name is not known.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Successful Women Entrepreneurs: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (Lijjat) )〕 The women borrowed Rs 80 from Chhaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a member of the Servants of India Society and a social worker.〔 They took over a loss-making papad making venture by one Laxmidasbhai,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Grassroots Developments in Women's Empowerment in India: Case Study of Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (1959–2000) )〕 and bought the necessary ingredients and the basic infrastructure required to manufacture papads. On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the terrace of their building and started with the production of 4 packets of papads.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=organization – The Beginning )〕 They started selling the papads to a known merchant in Bhuleshwar. From the beginning, the women had decided that they would not approach anyone for donations or help, even if the organisation incurred losses. Chhaganlal Parekh, popularly known as Chaganbapa, became their guide.〔 Initially, the women were making two different qualities of papads, to sell the inferior one at a cheaper rate. Chaganbapa advised them to make a standard papad and asked them never to compromise on quality. He emphasized to them the importance of running it as a business enterprise and maintaining proper accounts.〔Pathak, Ramnarayan Nagardas, ''Punyashlok Chhaganbapa'', translated into English by Prof.V.T.Yardi, Published by Shri Mahila Griha Udyag Lijjat Papad, Jan. 1980, p.114-117〕 Lijjat expanded as a cooperative system. Initially, even younger girls could join, but later eighteen was fixed as the minimum age of entry. Within three months there were about 25 women making papads. Soon the women bought some equipment for the business, like utensils, cupboards, stoves, etc. In the first year, the organisation's annual sales were Rs. 6196. The broken papads were distributed among neighbours.〔 During the first year, the women had to stop production for four months during the rainy season as the rains would prevent the drying of the papads.〔 The next year, they solved the problem by buying a cot and a stove. The papads were kept on the cot and the stove below the cot so that the process of drying could take place in spite of the rains.〔 The group got considerable publicity through word of mouth and articles in vernacular newspapers. This publicity helped it increase its membership. By the second year of its formation, 100 to 150 women had joined the group, and by the end of the third year it had more than 300 members.〔 By this time, the terrace of seven founders could no longer accommodate the members and the ingredients, so the kneaded flour was distributed among the members who would take it to their homes and make papads.〔 The papads were brought back for weighing and packaging. An attempt to start a branch in Malad suburb of Mumbai, in 1961, was unsuccessful.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1,Issue 3, March 1979, p.6.〕 In 1962, the name ''Lijjat'' (Gujarati for "tasty") was chosen by the group for its products. The name, suggested by Dhirajben Ruparel, was chosen in a contest held for the purpose, with prize money of Rs. 5.〔 The organisation was named Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad.〔 In many Indian languages, ''Mahila'' means women, ''Griha'' means home, ''Udyog'' means industry. By 1962–63, its annual sales of papads touched Rs. 182,000 (Rs. 182,000).〔 In July 1966, Lijjat registered itself as a society under the Societies Registration Act 1860.〔 In the same month, on Chaganbapa's recommendation, U N Deodhar, the chairman of KVIC personally inspected the Lijjat.〔 KVIC or Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission is a statutory body set up by the Government of India for development of rural industries. In September 1966, KVIC formally recognised Lijjat as a unit belonging to the "processing of cereals and pulses industry group" under the Khadi and Village Industries Act. It was also recognised as a "village industry". In 1966, KVIC granted it a working capital of Rs. 800,000 (0.8 million) and was allowed certain tax exemptions.〔 An attempt to start a branch in Sangli town, in 1966, was unsuccessful.〔 The first branch outside Maharashtra was established at Valod, Gujarat in 1968.〔 After tasting tremendous success with their papads, Lijjat began producing other products like khakhra (1974), masala (1976), vadi, wheat atta, and bakery products (1979). In the 1970s, Lijjat set up flour mills (1975), printing division (1977) and polypropylene packing division (1978). The group also initiated some unsuccessful ventures such as cottage leather (1979), matches (1979), and ''agarbatti''s (incense sticks).〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 3, March 1979, pp.7–11〕 In July 1979, the general secretary of a trade union tried to interfere in Lijjat's affairs, making certain demands on behalf of a few member-sisters. L. C. Joshi, Labour Advocate of Bombay and a well-known industrial relations expert, was called for consultations. In his observations on "Who owns Lijjat?", he clarified that member-sisters were competent to take a decision for their own and it was not open for an outside agency to interfere with the internal working of Lijjat.〔Irresponsible Trade Union Activities in Lijjat, Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 11, Jan.1980, p.3-5〕 In 1985, the Lijjat branch at Jabalpur was taken over by one Shantilal Shah as his own unit, which he ran with the help of a ''Sanchalika'' (branch head), who was wife of his employee. Lijjat went through tremendous pressures and court stay orders to retrieve the situation.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol.6, Issue 12, February 1985, pp.5–6.〕 In 1987, Lijjat purchased new premises at Kamal Apartments in Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai. The registered office shifted to the Bandra with effect from July 1988.〔 In 1988, Lijjat entered the soap market with Sasa detergent and soap.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 11, Issue 8, Dec. 1988, p.7.〕 Sasa had annual sales of Rs 500 million, accounting for 17 percent of Lijjat's total turnover in 1998. In March 1996, the 50th branch of Lijjat was inaugurated in Mumbai.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 17, Issue 4, April 1996 p.3〕 In the 1980s, Lijjat also started taking part in several trade fairs and exhibitions, which improved its sales and made the brand name "Lijjat" well-known among the people.〔 The advertising was undertaken through the vernacular newspapers, television and radio. The institution sponsored programs and gave away gifts for the winners of specific shows in the television.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 18, Issue 3, March 1997, 8〕 The money for advertisements was spent by the Polypropylene Division, which recovered the same by adding it to the price of the bags that it supplied to all the branches and divisions throughout India.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 6, Issue 7, Sept. 84, p.6; Vol. 8, issue 2, April, 86, p.3; Vol. 9, issue 10, Jan. 87, p.3.〕 In the 1980s and 1990s, Lijjat started attracting attention of foreign visitors and officials. The Vice-President of Uganda, Dr. Speciosa Wandira-Kazibwe, visited Lijjat's central office in January 1996, since she wanted to start a similar institution in Uganda.〔Lijjat Patrika, Vol.17, Issue 2, Feb. 96, pp.1, 4.〕 Lijjat started exporting its products with the help of merchant importers in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Middle East, Singapore, the Netherlands Thailand, and other countries. Its annual exports accounted for more than US$2.4 million in 2001.〔 As its popularity grew, Lijjat started facing the problem of fake Lijjat papads being introduced in the market. In June 2001, three persons were arrested in this connection, in Bihar.〔 Lijjat's website (explains ) the identification features of original Lijjat papads. Lijjat received the "Best Village Industries Institution" award from KVIC for the period 1998–99 to 2000–01.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Organization: Milestone )〕 In 2002, the "Businesswoman of the Year" award was given to "The Women Behind Lijjat Papad" at The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence. At the awards ceremony, the President of Lijjat urged the State Governments of Maharashtra and Punjab to reconsider their decision of withdrawing the tax exemption on Lijjat's Sasa Detergent. In 2002, Lijjat had a turnover of Rs 3 billion and exports worth Rs. 100 million. It employed 42,000 people in 62 divisions all over the country.〔 The 62nd branch became operational at Jammu and Kashmir in 2002, enrolling over 150 members.〔 In 2003, Lijjat received the "Best Village Industry Institution".〔 It also received the PHDCCI Brand Equity Award 2005.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PHDCCI Awards for Excellence: 2005 )〕 Lijjat marked its 50th year of existence on 15 March 2009. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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